Geothermal Systems
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Technology description
Geothermal energy in the RES Act is defined as a type of non-anthropogenic energy accumulated in the form of heat beneath the Earth’s surface and is classified as a renewable energy source.
Geothermal reservoirs cover 40–55% of Poland’s territory. The temperature of waters occurring at depths from 500 m to 4 km is usually 20–80°C, although locally resources exceeding even 100°C are found. The greatest geothermal potential is located in the Polish Lowlands and in Podhale. Poland’s geothermal resources are particularly suitable for use in district heating systems, employing heat exchangers and circulation pumps; however, electricity generation, including cogeneration in small-scale binary systems, is also possible. Additionally, heat from subsurface rock layers or groundwater can be used in shallow geothermal applications with ground-source heat pumps. This page, however, concerns only industrial systems utilizing geothermal energy.
Despite Poland’s significant exploitable medium- and high-temperature geothermal resources, its utilization rate remains the lowest among all types of RES. This is primarily due to the high cost and complex nature of such investments, as well as often insufficient natural conditions of geothermal deposits.
A comprehensive approach to the investment process related to the implementation of geothermal systems requires dividing it into two main stages:
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